(1886-1968) Neo-orthodox Swiss theologian and pastor from 1909-1921. Study of the Bible and the writings of Calvin, coupled with the destruction of World War I caused Barth to question his liberal training and optimistic ideas. Beginning with his commentary on Romans, he became a prominent figure in the formation of neo-orthodoxy. He taught in Germany, where he opposed the Nazi regime. In 1935 when he refused to take the oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler, he was dismissed from his position at the University of Bonn. Barth was also involved in the Confessing Church and wrote the Barmen Declaration. Important works include Rommerbrief and Church Dogmatics.